Kochi Castle, situated in the western Japanese city of Kochi, is often mistaken for a national treasure due to a stone pillar in front of its main "otemon" gate that proclaims it as such. However, the castle is currently designated as an important cultural property of Japan, not a national treasure. This change in status can be attributed to the postwar Act on Protection of Cultural Properties, which came into effect in 1950, replacing the national treasure preservation act of 1934.
Under the previous act, Kochi Castle was indeed named a national treasure in 1934. Fifteen structures, including the castle's main keep with three levels and six floors and the otemon gate, were preserved in their original state and designated as national treasures due to their historical value. However, the new Act on Protection of Cultural Properties altered the system, and Kochi Castle was reclassified as an important cultural property, a designation that remains to this day.
The castle's origins can be traced back to 1603 when Yamauchi Kazutoyo, the first lord of the Tosa Domain, constructed it. Despite being destroyed by a major fire in 1727, the castle was reconstructed approximately 25 years later. Throughout its history, Kochi Castle has withstood various threats, including the castle abolishment law of the 1800s and the World War II air raids on Kochi.
Among the 12 castles in Japan with preserved keeps, Kochi Castle stands out as the only one with its main "honmaru" enclosure, which served as the living quarters for the castle lord, remaining intact in its original form. The castle is also valuable for its 15 surviving structures. However, the current definition of a national treasure is restricted to important cultural properties that are "particularly outstanding and of deep cultural and historical significance," meaning that the number of structures alone does not justify its designation as a national treasure.
Despite its change in status, Kochi Castle remains a symbol of Kochi Prefecture and is considered one of the three best castles in the country for night viewing. Every evening from sundown until 10 p.m., the keep and otemon gate are illuminated, creating a stunning scene that differs from its daytime appearance. The castle is undoubtedly cherished by the residents of the prefecture.
The history of Kochi Castle serves as a reminder of the evolving nature of cultural property designations in Japan. While it may no longer hold the title of a national treasure, the castle's historical significance and beauty continue to captivate visitors and locals alike. Its story is a testament to the enduring value of preserving and celebrating Japan's rich cultural heritage.
