For centuries, the construction methods of Egypt's ancient pyramids have puzzled historians and engineers alike. Now, a new theory has emerged from a study published in PLOS One, proposing that the Step Pyramid of Djoser, built in the 27th century BC, could have utilized hydraulic lift technology. This revolutionary idea suggests that stored water was used to float heavy stones within the pyramid, providing a fresh perspective on how these monumental structures were erected. The Step Pyramid, standing at approximately 62 meters (204 feet) tall, is the oldest pyramid in Egypt and represents a significant achievement in ancient engineering.
Dr. Xavier Landreau, CEO of Paleotechnic, led the research, which examined the internal architecture of the Step Pyramid. The study posits that a complex water treatment system could have been employed to create a hydraulic lift within the pyramid’s vertical shaft. This system would have drawn water from ancient streams, allowing for a float mechanism to raise stones weighing up to 300 kilograms (661 pounds) through the pyramid's core. The researchers argue that this method could explain how such massive stones were positioned with precision, far beyond the capabilities of human strength alone.
The study draws on an interdisciplinary approach, combining insights from engineering, geology, and archaeology. The authors suggest that a network of deep-water trenches and tunnels surrounding the Step Pyramid would have facilitated the flow of water necessary for the hydraulic lift. They also highlight the role of the Gisr el-Mudir, a large limestone structure previously thought to serve different purposes. This structure would have acted as a check dam, controlling water flow during floods and ensuring the hydraulic system operated effectively.
Despite the innovative nature of this theory, some Egyptologists remain skeptical. Dr. David Jeffreys, a retired senior lecturer in Egyptian archaeology at University College London, points out that the prevailing belief is that ramps and haulage devices were primarily used to lift the heavy blocks. The debate centers around whether the hydraulic lift could have functioned effectively given the climate conditions of ancient Egypt, which have changed significantly over millennia.
The research team acknowledges the challenges posed by the arid climate of the Sahara Desert today but refers to evidence suggesting that the region experienced much wetter conditions thousands of years ago. Dr. Guillaume Piton, a co-author of the study and researcher at France’s National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), explains that ancient rainfall patterns may have supported the hydraulic lift system. However, experts like Dr. Fabian Welc caution that the limited rainfall during the time of the pyramid’s construction may not have provided enough water to sustain such a system continuously.
Furthermore, the study highlights the potential for flash floods to supply water intermittently, enabling the hydraulic lift to function during the construction phase. While the authors admit that more research is needed to understand the exact climate conditions of the time, they argue that this theory could unlock new insights into the construction of other pyramids, such as those built for Pharaohs Khufu and Khephren, which featured massive stone blocks weighing several metric tons.
The internal shaft of the Step Pyramid raises additional questions about its purpose. While some later pyramids had shafts believed to be used for ventilation, the exact function of the vertical shaft in Djoser's pyramid remains unclear. The authors propose that this shaft could have been designed specifically for the hydraulic lift, allowing water to fill the shaft when needed. This innovative approach to building may have set the stage for future Egyptian architectural advancements.
As researchers continue to explore the mysteries of ancient Egyptian engineering, the possibility of hydraulic technology adds a new layer to our understanding of how these monumental structures were created. The combination of innovative engineering and available natural resources may have allowed the ancient Egyptians to achieve feats of construction that still amaze us today.
